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The Melayu Kingdom (also known as Malayu, Dharmasraya Kingdom or the Jambi Kingdom; , reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciation ''mat-la-yu kwok'')〔Muljana, Slamet , (2006), ''Sriwijaya'', Yogyakarta: LKIS, ISBN 979-8451-62-7.〕 was a classical Southeast Asian kingdom. The primary sources for much of the information on the kingdom are the New History of the Tang, and the memoirs of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing who visited in 671, and states was "absorbed" by Srivijaya by 692, but had "broken away" by the end of the eleventh century according to Chao Jukua. The exact location of the kingdom is the subject of studies among historians. One theory is that the kingdom was established around present-day Jambi on Sumatra, Indonesia, approximately 300 km north of Palembang. According to this theory, it was founded by ethnic groups in the Batanghari river area and gold traders from the Minangkabau hinterland. The theory is disputed as the geographical location of Jambi contradicts the descriptions by Yijing, who explicitly mentioned that the kingdom is located half-way between ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) and ''Bogha'' (Palembang)".〔 ==Etymology== The origins of the word ''Melayu'' ('Malay') are disputed. One theory suggests that it is derived from the Javanese terms ''melayu'' or ''mlayu'' (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in Sumatra that today bore the name ''Sungai Melayu'' ('Melayu river'). The name was later possibly adopted by the Melayu Kingdom, as it is common for people in the region to be known by the name of the river on which they settled. Another theory hold that it originates from the Tamil words ''Malai'' and ''ur'' meaning "mountain" and "city, land", respectively. An early literary appearance was in Vayu Purana where the word "Malaya Dvipa" (literally "mountainous dvipa") was mentioned, referring to the mountainous terrain of Malay Peninsula. Then, the term "Maleu-Kolon" was used in Geographia by Ptolemy which is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit term ''malayakolam'' or ''malaikurram'', referring to a geographical part of Malay Peninsula. In 7th century, the first use of the term for a nation or a kingdom was recorded by Yijing. An inscription on the south wall of the 11th century Brihadeeswarar Temple also made a reference to ''Malaiyur'', a kingdom that had "a strong mountain for its rampart" in Malay Peninsula that fell to the Chola invaders during Rajendra Chola I's campaign. In the later Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) and Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the word ''Ma-La-Yu'' was mentioned often in Chinese historical texts - with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties - to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the terms used was "Bok-la-yu", "Mok-la-yu" (木剌由), Ma-li-yu-er (麻里予兒), Oo-lai-yu (巫来由) - traced from the written source of monk Xuanzang), and Wu-lai-yu (無来由). In the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty, the word "Ma-li-yu-er" was mentioned in describing the Sukhothai Kingdom's southward expansion against Malay states of the peninsula.:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan )〕 ::''"..Animosity occurred between Siam and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other..."'' In response to the Sukhothai's move, a Chinese envoy arrived at the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial order: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er". This nation of "Ma-li-yu-er" that appeared in the Chinese record possibly a similar nation that was mentioned by the famous Venetian traveller Marco Polo (1254–1324) who lived during the same period. In Travels of Marco Polo, he made a reference to a kingdom named "Malauir" in the Malay peninsula. The Khmer recorded the nation of Melayu, however, its progeny Srivijaya, was also called Melayu. According to the translation by Slamet Muljana, the word ''bhūmi Mālayu'' (literally "Land of Malayu") is inscribed on the Padang Roco Inscription, dated 1286 CE,〔Muljana, Slamet, 1981, ''Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi'', Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, hlm. 223.〕 according to the inscription, ''bhūmi Mālayu'' is associated with the Dharmasraya kingdom. On the Amoghapasa inscription, dated 1347 CE, the word ''Malayapura'' (literally "city of Malaya" or "kingdom of Malaya") was proclaimed by Adityawarman, again referring to Dharmasraya. The word "Melayu" is also mentioned in the Malay annals referring to a river in Sumatra: ::''"...Here now is the story of a city called Palembang in the land of Andelas. It was ruled by Demang Lebar Daun, a descendant of Raja Shulan, and its river was the Muara Tatang. In the upper reaches of the Muara Tatang was a river called Melayu, and on that river was a hill called Si-Guntang Mahameru..." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Melayu Kingdom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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